新型纳米结构铈锰复合氧化物的磷吸附行为与机制研究

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型铈锰复合氧化物吸附剂,对其进行了表征,并对磷吸附行为与机制进行了研究.表征结果分析表明,此氧化物由纳米级颗粒组成;铈锰复合氧化物中的铈氧化物有类似水合氧化铈的无定形结构;BET比表面积为157 m2·g-1,等电点为6.5.吸附实验结果表明,Langmuir吸附等温线模型可以更好地拟合铈锰复合氧化物对磷的吸附,最大吸附量为28.6 mg·g-1(p H=7.0);铈锰复合氧化物对磷具有较高的吸附速率,更符合准二级动力学模型;溶液p H对铈锰复合氧化物吸附磷的影响较为明显,随p H升高,吸附量降低;离子强度则影响不大;共存阴离子对吸附影响的大小顺序为Si O2-3CO2-3Cl-≥SO2-4.通过对铈锰复合氧化物吸附磷前后Zeta电位和红外谱图(FTIR)分析,可以推断磷在铈锰复合氧化物表面发生了特性吸附,磷酸根主要通过取代复合氧化物表面的金属羟基而被吸附去除.     

BiOCl/TiO_2复合材料的可见光活性及机理研究

采用水热法和溶胶凝胶法制备新型BiOCl/TiO2复合材料并明确了最优的掺杂比例(2%).随后利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外可见漫反射(DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对该材料进行表征.由于禁带宽度较大,纯BiOCl和TiO2的可见光催化性能极差,然而二者复合后,同条件下的苯降解率却大幅提升,可以达到40%以上.经证实,催化剂制备过程中,Bi的状态发生变化,在TiO2导、价带之间插入新的能级,使其禁带宽度变窄,电子可以实现可见光跃迁.     

Potential application of high pressure carbon dioxide in treated wastewater and water disinfection: Recent overview and further trends

Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO₂ is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO₂ as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO₂ treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO₂ treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions (pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …) suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO₂ treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO₂ treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms. Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products (resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment).     

我国区域空气污染治理效率及其影响机制——基于超效率SBM模型和门槛回归模型

随着人民对美好生活需求的日益增长,政府空气污染治理的效率问题日益得到重视。本文从地方政府空气污染治理效率及其影响因素的视角入手,以全国30个省份为研究对象,运用超效率SBM模型测算2003—2015年各省级区域的空气污染治理效率。在此基础上,运用门槛回归模型分析政府空气污染治理效率的影响机制。研究表明:①地区间空气污染治理效率差异性较为显著。中部、西部空气污染治理效率整体呈下降趋势。东部和东北地区空气污染治理效率则上升比较平稳。②政策规划、碳源、污染物排放和环境治理投入表现出双重门槛特征,其中碳源对空气污染治理效率影响显著,而以碳为首的能源消费结构则主要对中部和西部空气污染治理效率产生影响。落后地区政府应注重产业升级,财政上应对碳税等税目进行征收,产业上应鼓励企业创新,并对落后企业进行倒逼升级。     

生活垃圾强制分类形势下的多源废荧光灯管回收管理机制建议

废荧光灯管的来源广泛，包括工业来源和社会来源，社会来源又包括居民来源，企业事业单位、公共场所等机构来源，具有多来源的特性。废荧光灯管中含有汞，若不经过妥善处理，会造成环境污染，对人的身体健康造成危害。随着国内生活垃圾分类的开展，废荧光灯管作为生活垃圾中有害垃圾的典型类别被强制分类，但仍存在很多问题。本文梳理了我国废荧光灯管的产生情况、LED灯替代情况，并对美国、欧盟、日本和我国国内典型城市的废荧光管理情况进行了总结。针对我国废荧光灯管的回收现状，从责任主体、责任划分、收集渠道、资金机制等角度提出了相关的管理建议，为推动我国废荧光灯管的管理提供借鉴。     

Study of the influence of melamine polyphosphate and aluminum hydroxide on the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of aluminum magnesium alloy dust

When aluminum magnesium alloy dust floats in the air, a certain ignition energy can easily cause an accidental explosion. To prevent and control the occurrence of accidental explosions and reduce the severity of accidents, it is necessary to carry out research on the explosion suppression of aluminum magnesium alloy dust. This paper uses a vertical glass tube experimental device and a 20 L spherical explosive experimental device to carry out experimental studies on the suppression of the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of aluminum magnesium alloy dust with melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and Al(OH)₃. With increasing MPP and Al(OH)₃ concentrations, the flame brightness darkened, the flame velocity and propagation distance gradually decreased, and P_max and (dp/dt)_max decreased significantly. When the amount of MPP added reached 60%, the flame propagation distance decreased to 188 mm, which is a decrease of 68%, and the explosion overpressure decreased to 0.014 MPa, effectively suppressing the explosion of aluminum magnesium alloy dust. The experimental results showed that MPP was more effective than Al(OH)₃ in inhibiting the flame propagation and explosion overpressure of the aluminum magnesium alloy dust. Finally, the inhibitory mechanisms of the MPP and Al(OH)₃ were further investigated. The MPP and Al(OH)₃ endothermic decomposition produced an inert gas, diluted the oxygen concentration and trapped active radicals to terminate the combustion chain reaction.     

Effects of nitrogen and carbon dioxide on hydrogen explosion behaviors near suppression limit

By varying inert gas content, equivalence ratio and initial pressure, this study is aimed at investigating flame propagation behaviors and explosion pressure characteristics near suppression limit. For carbon dioxide, the weakest flame floating phenomenon is observed at Φ = 1.5 and the buoyant instability is enhanced when the equivalent ratio deviates to the rich and lean sides. For nitrogen, the buoyant instability decreases with increasing equivalent ratio. Both maximum explosion pressure and maximum pressure rise rate increase firstly and then decrease with the increase of equivalence ratio, and they decrease significantly with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. For carbon dioxide, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 7.50, 7.18, 5.74, 3.83, and 2.87. For nitrogen, the critical suppression ratio of Φ = 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 is 15.83, 11.87, 9.50, 6.33 and 4.75. Compared to nitrogen, the carbon dioxide is more effective on suppressing hydrogen explosion pressure. The adiabatic flame temperature, thermal diffusivity and mole fraction of active radicals continue to decrease with increasing content of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, which contributes to the decrease of laminar burning velocity.     

自愿减排项目碳泄漏：内涵、类别及应对

自愿减排项目是碳排放交易市场抵消机制的运行载体,灵活的自愿减排抵消机制是碳排放交易市场的补充,对应对全球气候变化问题具有重要意义。碳泄漏,作为严重影响抵消项目减排效率的热点问题值得关注。目前,中国已形成较大规模的自愿减排市场,截至2018年底,国家发展改革委共签发了约7200万tCO_2当量减排量,我国在建立健全自愿减排抵消市场机制的过程中,需要把握项目碳泄漏的负外部性这一实质,厘清其运行机理并积极应对。本文旨在系统阐述该问题,并为进一步实现抵消项目减排潜力提供思路和方向:从自愿减排项目碳泄漏的内涵与定义出发,首先对项目碳泄漏的分类进行梳理,并依据产生途径的不同重点分析了活动转移排放、生命周期、市场路径、生态以及技术泄漏的作用机制、影响因素及其相应的研究方法;其次从具体项目应用、系统项目应用和宏观应用三个层面讨论了应对自愿减排项目碳泄漏问题的管理对策;最后结合我国自愿减排抵消市场的实际情况,建议未来抵消项目碳泄漏的应对和管理应在分门别类对其概念进行精准定义的基础上将解决措施的成本效益考虑在内,此外,在评估泄漏量时需要同时测算不同类型的碳泄漏,探究其协同效应以免高估其泄漏程度。     

爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性

为了研究瓦斯爆炸对通风设施造成的严重破坏及其导致的通风系统紊乱与灾情迅速扩展问题，基于LS-DYNA有限元软件，模拟研究巷道中瓦斯爆炸冲击波作用下圆形通风设施的动态破坏特性，分析应力、应变、速度、位移的动态特征及其破坏过程，并对圆形通风设施动态破坏机理进行初步探索。研究结果表明:爆炸冲击波作用下，圆形通风设施正、反面出现压应力与拉应力分布圆环，且压应力与拉应力峰值处于在外部受约束边界径向圆环附近区域与圆心位置，应变、速度和位移最大值均分布在次区域；爆炸冲击波作用下，通风设施表面形成多圈的正向和反向的应变相互交替，呈现W型的褶皱变形；爆炸冲击波作用下，环向裂纹集中在受约束的边界区域附近，发生脆性破坏，其他区域会出现较多的径向裂纹，可发生韧性破坏，整个断裂过程是脆性与韧性断裂的混合型断裂。     

安全信息认知对心理安全感的作用机理研究

为揭示安全信息认知对员工心理安全感的影响，把握信息时代背景下心理安全感的研究趋势。基于安全信息认知的背景与特征，构建心理安全感的安全信息认知流程模型。通过描述安全信息对心理安全感的影响机理，从需要、动机、意识、期望剖析心理安全感的安全信息认知动力，归纳心理安全感的安全信息认知偏好，并从风险管控、安全氛围、安全管理落地、安全防护措施设计、员工安全生产积极性方面论述心理安全感在企业的应用对策。研究表明，员工安全信息认知对其心理安全感具有重要影响，是引起心理安全感波动的关键因素，也为心理安全感在企业的应用提供指导。